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Algebra (Modular Arithmetic)

The OpenVM Algebra extension provides tools to create and manipulate modular arithmetic structures and their complex extensions. For example, if pp is prime, OpenVM Algebra can handle modular arithmetic in Fp\mathbb{F}_p and its quadratic extension fields Fp[x]/(x2+1)\mathbb{F}_p[x]/(x^2 + 1).

The functional part is provided by the openvm-algebra-guest crate, which is a guest library that can be used in any OpenVM program. The macros for creating corresponding structs are in the openvm-algebra-moduli-macros and openvm-algebra-complex-macros crates.

Available traits and methods

  • IntMod trait: Defines the type Repr and constants MODULUS, NUM_LIMBS, ZERO, and ONE. It also provides basic methods for constructing a modular arithmetic object and performing arithmetic operations.

    • Repr typically is [u8; NUM_LIMBS], representing the number's underlying storage.
    • MODULUS is the compile-time known modulus.
    • ZERO and ONE represent the additive and multiplicative identities, respectively.
    • Constructors include from_repr, from_le_bytes, from_be_bytes, from_le_bytes_unchecked, from_be_bytes_unchecked, from_u8, from_u32, and from_u64.

  • Field trait: Provides constants ZERO and ONE and methods for basic arithmetic operations within a field.

  • Sqrt trait: Implements square root in a field using hinting.

Modular arithmetic

To leverage compile-time known moduli for performance, you declare and initialize the arithmetic structures:

  1. Declare: Use the moduli_declare! macro to define a modular arithmetic struct. This can be done multiple times in various crates or modules:
moduli_declare! {
    Bls12_381Fp { modulus = "0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab" },
    Bn254Fp { modulus = "21888242871839275222246405745257275088696311157297823662689037894645226208583" },
}

This creates Bls12_381Fp and Bn254Fp structs, each implementing the IntMod trait. Since both moduli are prime, both structs also implement the Field and Sqrt traits. The modulus parameter must be a string literal in decimal or hexadecimal format.

  1. Init: Use the openvm::init! macro exactly once in the final binary:
openvm::init!();
/* This expands to
moduli_init! {
    "0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab",
    "21888242871839275222246405745257275088696311157297823662689037894645226208583"
}
*/

This step enumerates the declared moduli (e.g., 0 for the first one, 1 for the second one) and sets up internal linkage so the compiler can generate the appropriate RISC-V instructions associated with each modulus.

Summary:

  • moduli_declare!: Declares modular arithmetic structures and can be done multiple times.
  • init!: Called once in the final binary to assign and lock in the moduli.

Complex field extension

Complex extensions, such as Fp[x]/(x2+1)\mathbb{F}_p[x]/(x^2 + 1), are defined similarly using complex_declare! and complex_init!:

  1. Declare:
complex_declare! {
    Bn254Fp2 { mod_type = Bn254Fp }
}

This creates a Bn254Fp2 struct, representing a complex extension field. The mod_type must implement IntMod.

  1. Init: After calling complex_declare!, the openvm::init! macro will now expand to the appropriate call to complex_init!.
openvm::init!();
/* This expands to:
moduli_init! {
    "0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab",
    "21888242871839275222246405745257275088696311157297823662689037894645226208583"
}
complex_init! {
    "Bn254Fp2" { mod_idx = 0 },
}
*/

Config parameters

For the guest program to build successfully, all used moduli must be declared in the .toml config file in the following format:

[app_vm_config.modular]
supported_moduli = ["115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663"]
 
[app_vm_config.fp2]
supported_moduli = [["Bn254Fp2", "115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663"]]

The supported_moduli parameter is a list of moduli that the guest program will use. They must be provided in decimal format in the .toml file. The order of moduli in [app_vm_config.modular] must match the order in the moduli_init! macro. Similarly, the order of moduli in [app_vm_config.fp2] must match the order in the complex_init! macro. Also, each modulus in [app_vm_config.fp2] must be paired with the name of the corresponding struct in complex_declare!.

Example program

Here is a toy example using both the modular arithmetic and complex field extension capabilities:

extern crate alloc;
 
use openvm as _;
use openvm_algebra_guest::{moduli_macros::*, IntMod};
 
// This macro will create two structs, `Mod1` and `Mod2`,
// one for arithmetic modulo 998244353, and the other for arithmetic modulo 1000000007.
moduli_declare! {
    Mod1 { modulus = "998244353" },
    Mod2 { modulus = "1000000007" }
}
 
// This macro will create two structs, `Complex1` and `Complex2`,
// one for arithmetic in the field $\mathbb{F}_{998244353}[x]/(x^2 + 1)$,
// and the other for arithmetic in the field $\mathbb{F}_{1000000007}[x]/(x^2 + 1)$.
openvm_algebra_guest::complex_macros::complex_declare! {
    Complex1 { mod_type = Mod1 },
    Complex2 { mod_type = Mod2 },
}
 
openvm::init!();
/* The init! macro will expand to the following (excluding comments):
// This macro will initialize the moduli.
// Now, `Mod1` is the "zeroth" modular struct, and `Mod2` is the "first" one.
moduli_init! {
    "998244353", "1000000007"
}
 
// The order of these structs does not matter,
// given that we specify the `mod_idx` parameters properly.
openvm_algebra_complex_macros::complex_init! {
    "Complex1" { mod_idx = 0 }, "Complex2" { mod_idx = 1 },
}
*/
 
pub fn main() {
    let a = Complex1::new(Mod1::ZERO, Mod1::from_u32(0x3b8) * Mod1::from_u32(0x100000)); // a = -i in the corresponding field
    let b = Complex2::new(Mod2::ZERO, Mod2::from_u32(1000000006)); // b = -i in the corresponding field
    assert_eq!(a.clone() * &a * &a * &a * &a, a); // a^5 = a
    assert_eq!(b.clone() * &b * &b * &b * &b, b); // b^5 = b
 
    // Note that the above assertions would fail, had we provided the `mod_idx` parameters wrongly.
}

To have the correct imports for the above example, add the following to the Cargo.toml file:

[dependencies]
openvm = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/openvm.git", tag = "v1.4.1" }
openvm-algebra-guest = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/openvm.git", tag = "v1.4.1" }
serde = { version = "1.0.216", default-features = false }

Here is the full openvm.toml to accompany the above example:

[app_vm_config.rv32i]
[app_vm_config.rv32m]
[app_vm_config.io]
[app_vm_config.modular]
supported_moduli = ["998244353","1000000007"]
 
[app_vm_config.fp2]
supported_moduli = [["Complex1", "998244353"], ["Complex2", "1000000007"]]